Raphael Thys
Professor John E. Moses has developed a shape-shifting antibiotic using click chemistry, combining vancomycin with bullvalene—a molecule with over a million configurations—to create a more effective drug that bacteria did not develop resistance to, potentially revolutionizing the fight against drug-resistant infections.
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat, ranked as one of the top 10 by the World Health Organization. Every year, in the United States alone, nearly 3 million people are infected by drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, resulting in the death of around 35,000. While antibiotics are crucial in treating infections, overuse has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. These infections pose a significant challenge to treatment.
Now, Professor John E. Moses of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) has developed a new weapon to combat drug-resistant superbugs – an innovative antibiotic that has the ability to shape-shift by rearranging its atoms.
Moses came up with the idea of shape-shifting antibiotics while observing tanks in military training exercises. With rotating turrets and nimble movements, the tanks could respond quickly to possible threats.
A few years later, Moses learned of a molecule called bullvalene. Bullvalene is a fluxional molecule, meaning its atoms can swap positions. This gives it a changing shape with over a million possible configurations—exactly the fluidity Moses was looking for.
The chemical structure of the new antibiotic was designed by Moses and synthetically assembled by his lab. Dr. Thomas Fallon, Moses’ collaborator at the University of Newcastle, Australia, provided the shape-shifting bullvalene core. Moses says one commenter called the study “probably the ‘coolest’ and most complex natural product derivative paper I’ve come across.” Credit: Moses Lab/Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Several bacteria, including MRSA, VRSA, and VRE, have developed resistance to a potent antibiotic called vancomycin, used to treat everything from skin infections to meningitis. Moses thought he could improve the drug’s bacteria-fighting performance by combining it with bullvalene.
He turned to click chemistry, a Nobel Prize–winning class of fast, high-yielding chemical reactions that “click” molecules together reliably. This makes the reactions more efficient for wide-scale use.
“Click chemistry is great,” says Moses, who studied this revolutionary development under two-time Nobel laureate K. Barry Sharpless. “It gives you certainty and the best chance you’ve got of making complex things.”
Using this technique, Moses and his colleagues created a new antibiotic with two vancomycin “warheads” and a fluctuating bullvalene center.
Moses tested the new drug in collaboration with Dr. Tatiana Soares da-Costa (University of Adelaide). The researchers gave the drug to VRE-infected wax moth larvae, which are commonly used to test antibiotics. They found the shape-shifting antibiotic significantly more effective than vancomycin at clearing the deadly infection. Additionally, the bacteria didn’t develop resistance to the new antibiotic.
Researchers can use click chemistry with shape-shifting antibiotics to create a multitude of new drugs, Moses explains. Such weapons against infection may even be key to our species’ survival and evolution.
“If we can invent molecules that mean the difference between life and death,” he says, “that’d be the greatest achievement ever.”
Reference: “Shapeshifting bullvalene-linked vancomycin dimers as effective antibiotics against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria” by Alessandra Ottonello, Jessica A. Wyllie, Oussama Yahiaoui, Shoujun Sun, Rebecca A. Koelln, Joshua A. Homer, Robert M. Johnson, Ewan Murray, Paul Williams, Jani R. Bolla, Carol V. Robinson, Thomas Fallon, Tatiana P. Soares da Costa and John E. Moses, 3 April 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208737120
The study was funded by the National Cancer Institute, the Australian Research Council, the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Marsden Fund, the Royal Society University Research Fellowship, Wolfson College, and the Medical Research Council.